Like... California, although not a African slave state, was an Indian slave state up until the 13th Amendment. You could buy and sale Indian children as slaves, until they reached the age of 21? I have to find the reference if you wish.

As for the Philippines, here are some references...U.S. Army reports and letters.

Jolo, Jolo, P. I., July 3, 1902.

The Commanding Officer, Siassi, P. I.

Sir: I am directed by the post commander to communicate to you the following copies of records on file at these headquarters relative to the subject of slavery in the Jolo Archipelago for your information and guidance in dealing with this question.

Article 10 of the Bates agreement reads: "Any slave in the archipelago of Jolo shall have the right to purchase freedom by paying to the master the usual market value."

April 4, 1900, General Bates notified the Sultan and Datos Calbi and Joakanian that he had been directed by the military governor of the Philippine Islands to advise them that the President of the United States had approved and confirmed the agreement of August 20, 1899, except as to the tenth article, and "The subject of slavery or peonage will be reserved as a matter for future conference, determination, and agreement. The Constitution of the United States forbids slavery in any part of the United States, and it remains to find an equitable way of abolishing the institution. All other articles of the agreement are in force."

General Orders, No. 12, paragraph 3, current series, Headquarters Seventh Separate Brigade, as far as referring to slavery, was modified by cablegrams received from same source, as follows:

March 20. "* * * the last two lines of paragraph 3, General Orders, No. 12, are not to be interpreted in a manner that would be a violation of any provisions of the articles of the agreement, but if any slave escapes from any Moro in Jolo or elsewhere and appeals to you for protection against recapture, you must not fail to give him that protection. So far as application to the Jolo Archipelago, the last phrase in paragraph 3 should be read as follows: 'And that those who leave their masters will be protected against recapture and forcible bondage.' It is not intended to disturb the relations existing between Moros and their slaves who wish to remain so, nor is it intended to invite persons held as slaves to flee."

May 29. * * * "General Orders, No. 12, Seventh Separate Brigade, as modified by telegram of March 20, required that commanding officers should not return slaves to further bondage if they asked protection from recapture. This is not ordering an emancipation. If the Sultan or any Moro considers that this is in contravention of the Bates agreement with him and other datos, invite him to state the grounds of his objection and forward same. The order in question was approved by the division commander." * * *

Complaint referred to in last cablegram has been made by the Sultan direct to the division commander, June 13.

Inclosed copy of a "letter of protection" may serve as a model in similar cases. Very respectfully,

F. C. Marshall, Captain and Adjutant, Fifteenth Cavalry, Adjutant.

A true copy.
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H. L. Scott, Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor.

Jolo, P. I., May IS, 1902. To my son, his highness the Sultan of Jolo, from his father, the governor of Jolo, Colonel Wallace, greetings:

With reference to your request to compel Datos Calbi and Joakanain to return to the Sultan certain runaway slaves, I hereby inform you that slavery is not recognized by the United States and I can not entertain any such proposition.

April 4, 1900, Gen. J. C. Bates directed the commanding officer at Jolo to advise the Sultan and Datos Calbi and Joakanain that the military governor of the Philippines had directed him to inform them that the President of the United States had approved and affirmed the agreement, except as to the tenth article, and that the subject of slavery will be reserved as a matter for future conference, determination, and agreement.

The military governor at Jolo conveyed this information to the Sultan and datos April 13, 1900.

The above notice is to be construed as requiring slavery to rest and remain in its status as it existed April 13, 1900; any person newly made a slave since that date is held not subject for redemption, if redemption should be determined upon by the United States Government.

Slaves coming to me for protection will be declared free. I will, however, in case the respective owner can prove that persons so liberated were slaves prior to April 13, 1900, and have been such since, give the owner a letter stating this fact. If redemption should take place, this letter will then enable him to receive compensation for the thus liberated person.

The foregoing does not apply to people who have agreed to work for a certain person for a certain length of time to cancel a debt. They are not slaves. Such people, if they run away, might be compelled to return and complete their contract. Very respectfully,

W. M. Wallace, Colonel Fifteenth U. S. Cavalry, Military Governor.

A true copy

Elihu Root collection of United States documents relating to the Philippines Commission, Vol. 81