In this case, as a slave in the South, the earnings of his labor went to the slave master. As a servant in the North, he kept what he earned. Whether he was fairly paid is another question. However, the word "slave" appears seldom used by owners who served in the Army of Northern Virginia, rather the terms "body servant" or "valet" are preferred. It certainly sounds less harsh. But these relationships are not easy to explain or define; each is unique and the motivations driving them are as varied as the individuals themselves. Of the black "servants" taken into Pennsylvania when the army marched north in summer 1863, most appeared to remain loyal even if tempted to choose freedom by sympathetic citizens along the way. The benefits of freedom are less attractive in a new and strange environment, and if one is unable to read or write. (Some citizens of the USSR were anxious when given their freedom - it's easier to cope with having one brand of toothpaste rather than an array of choices in a free society.) But a number of blacks did defect, often surprising their masters, who must have thought them more contented with their lot than was actually the case. Some provided useful intelligence to the Federal army. As a slave, no doubt one learns how to game the system and conceal one's true feelings. But there's no simple answer. In some cases the relationship is clearly one of mutual respect and even brotherly bonds, within the established boundaries. There is more than one recorded case of a servant taking responsibility for carrying the body of his master back home. It mattered too, whether one was a personal servant integral to the household, or one who labored from dawn to dusk in the fields. I firmly believe we must better understand this phenomenon and come to grips with it if we're ever going to tame this ghost of the past that still haunts us as a nation. Hundreds if not thousands of blacks were an important part of both armies, but this fact and its consequences remain largely concealed in the shadows to this day.